What I’m Watching This Week – 15 April 2013

Sprung….

The S&P 500 and the Dow have recorded new highs, Q1 2013 earnings season began, manufacturing data continues to be mixed, geopolitical strife continues to create new headlines, employment data continues to whipsaw, and wait for it…those investors who have been in the market responded by looking for reasons to take profits and head for the closest exits.  What…are you not being entertained?   With individual stocks ascending into uncharted territory and a whole bag of news approaching from the edges; it’s a health indicator that the 2nd quarter of 2013, by and large, is eyeing a necessary and efficient pullback.

The bullish sentiment we have seen over the last few months looks to be taking a pause for the moment.  Depending upon your risk strategy, pullbacks are opportunities to add to positions or take your profits and sit on the sidelines.  As the markets have moved higher, smaller investors have started to move in, eager to participate.  In my opinion, they are buying tops right now and may be best served to sit on the bench a little longer.  You know that old saying, buy low-sell high?  I’m seeing signs that the little guy is buying high and not realizing that his exuberance just might be very ill-timed.  However, there will be those willing to take more risks.  Right now I’m not one of them.

The economic data both home and abroad isn’t aligning with my expectations that current market activity should be noticeable more robust right now.  The U.S. economy hasn’t achieved a ‘break free’ velocity to sustain itself, just yet.  It’s still quite vulnerable and the real impacts of sequestration haven’t begun to be demonstrated in many sectors.  The Eurozone remains in a recessionary posture, Kim Jong Un of North Korea continues to be an irrational man-child and the potential destabilizing of the world economies by aggressive monetary policies only aggravate and substantiate my analysis that this near term pullback is arriving just in the nick of time.  Some hedging strategies for the risk tolerant and aggressive are my guidance for the moment.  There are many bargains to be found, especially with dividend paying stocks, so take what the market is giving you.

I remain confident.  As we move deeper into earnings season, I’m expecting some changes, especially due to the mix of policy changes in Q1 and I’ll be keeping a sharp eye on companies that show declining margins but are also beating earnings estimates; they will be getting the stink eye, to be blunt.  After Tax Day, April is historically prone to exhibiting weakness in the stock market.  A little caution, continued optimism and enduring confidence are my attitudes this week.

Have an outstanding week!

 

What I’m Watching This Week – 8 April 2013

Q2 begins with a whimper

Stock Markets started Q2 with a whimper, certainly not with a bang, ending the week lower with global weakness getting more and more noticeable. These last few sessions, it’s been up then down then up again.  Almost like a cheap carnival ride, by the way, when do I get to collect a big, overstuffed, counterfeit Garfield from dealing with this nausea?   The media hyped and announced, blind rush into stocks and the full retreat out of bonds didn’t materialize.   The market euphoria is still there, however, like a winded athlete, it’s bent over and gasping for as much air as it can inhale.

Where I’m suspecting to perceive the proverbial canary in a coal mine is with U.S. small caps.  The last three sessions have begun to indicate some significant weakness.  The underperformance in the Russell 2000 has raised my eyebrows, given that small-cap stocks are more profoundly tied to domestic growth prospects than the large-caps.  Large caps get to leverage their global coverage, Small caps, not so much.  Their market capitalization of between $300 million and $2 billion doesn’t allow much wiggle room during domestic economic weakness and therefore, basically neutering the opportunity to beat the institutional investors.  Small caps closed down last week by almost 3%.  That sets my alarm bells off and I’ll be watching how the U.S. Treasuries perform this week.  I’m expecting a decent uptick as large investors, looking for safety via low yield, move in that direction with a definable quickness.   Last week’s very poor job’s numbers also didn’t help; with an overall feeling that growth is slowing and the economy remains flimsy.

I remain optimistic.  In 2011 and 2012, each had outstanding first quarters which dovetailed into lousy 2nd quarters.  Also similar are the earnings forecast from those previous years and 2013 Q1’s haven’t been the most inspiring thus far; nevertheless the actuals have yet to begin to truly filter out.  That begins tonight with the Alcoa release.  Corporate earnings will be the decisive catalyst once again.  Stocks, I believe, will remain exuberant and bond holders will endure worrisome but not panicked circumstances.  I do not sense any overbearing fear for the global markets, unless you happen to reside near the Korean Peninsula, and even then, having served in the US Army right smack on the DMZ, most of the bloviating coming from North Korea is just that.  North Korea knows it would be suicide to let even a minor conflict begin.  The regime of Kim Jong Un can’t sustain a prolonged engagement alone and China and Russia certainly do not want to have Western forces sitting on their eastern borders, as the resolution of conflict would present.  I remain cautions, confident and optimistic.

Have a great week!

What I’m Watching This Week – 1 April 2013

Second Quarter already?  Well that was quick!

The markets continued their upward swing in the first quarter, much like they did in Q1 of 2012.  Seeing the Dow Jones and the S&P 500 basically gaining, percentage wise, what they accomplished in the entirety of 2012; gives investors a reason to celebrate. But I hope they aren’t getting drunk with the revelry.  There’s nine more months to go, so let’s not get too out of sorts.  With the end of first quarter, 86 companies in the S&P 500 issued negative guidance for what they expect to report in earnings for Q1 2013, in little over a week from now, while only 24 issued positive guidance for the quarter.   Yes, that was a collective D’oh! you just heard.

The U.S. economy endures, while Europe’s weakness continues, and uncertainty in Asia has dragged market performance down in that region.   Europe’s problems are far from being resolved, not that you haven’t noticed the last few weeks.   I firmly believe that U.S. economy has enough momentum to produce a reasonable GDP number without all the Gloom and Doom crowd harping on about inflation.  But if economic conditions improve at a much faster pace, inflation will present an uncomfortable situation across the board and of course the G&D crowd will be all over the networks with their “I told you so” chant.  Read that again, if the economy improves faster, the Gloom and Doom gang will be cheering.  See the disconnect with logic there?

I remain confident.  One massive bright spot I see (and have been preaching about for years now) is the energy sector.   It’s, in my opinion, undervalued, and U.S. natural gas could be the play of the century.  The fundamentals make it even more obvious, after ages of depressed natural gas prices, production and infrastructure growth is readily apparent.  Opportunities to ride the coming natural gas tsunami, at prices this relatively affordable, won’t last forever.  In my opinion this is a once in a generation chance to participate and at the same time watch the U.S. become more energy independent.  I remain confident, cautious and eagerly optimistic.

Have a wonderful week!

What I’m Watching This Week – 18 March 2013

Back to the Big Picture

I’m back after a self-imposed hiatus.  Call it a brain break where I took out the tissue, gently massaged it and placed it back into residence.   It was a long overdue.  And now back to our previously scheduled program.

All eyes are on Cyprus this morning as the proposed tax on savings accounts (10% on accounts over 100K euros and 6.75% on accounts below 100K) has brought the European debt crisis back into focus.  Who has culpability in this situation?  Guess who… the banks.  Leading the parade, are the banks in Cyprus.  With the banks in Greece and the Euro Zone coming up quickly behind; but wait, this is turning out to reveal a parade to rival Macy’s Thanksgiving in length, pomp and circumstance.   So what’s the knee jerk reaction to a tax imposed on deposits?  Ahem, you are sitting down aren’t you?  Since the banks are closed in Cyprus today, the citizens can’t dash to the bank and take their money and run.  Some other day perhaps but not today fortunately; and what if other EU countries decide to adopt this type of tax in order to get help from the Euro Zone, aren’t bank runs in other countries a serious probability?  Ultimately, March Madness has been redefined and this is what the week will be all about.  Brace yourself ladies and gentlemen; we are only witnessing the pre-game warm up.  Tip-off is just around the corner.

The U.S. market is a bit extended and susceptible to a necessary pullback, I don’t think we are entering into correction territory.  Why?  We may be looking at going on the offensive while Europe plays defense.  There will be movements of capital into the safest areas.  The EU doesn’t seem to be that warm and fuzzy place today; Switzerland maybe and the U.S. definitely.  How does this affect you, the small investor?  You have two choices:  Door number one – Bet that the pullback will be short and shallow for the near term and ride it out (but smartly take some of your profits off the table).  Door number two – prepare for a deeper and longer corrective action.  I’m going with door #1 along with moving some assets into the alternative space as a hedge (insurance in case something goes bad).  Yes, if the market turns on a dime and goes higher, I would have missed out on some performance but if it does not, I’ll be in position to offset some or all of the losses in positions more effected by market swings.  If the S&P 500 moves more than 5% to the downside, I’ll consider door number two but I don’t see a confirming trigger to set my hair on fire (I’m darn near bald anyway) and run for the hills, carrying all the gold, guns and canned goods I can.  Plus my time in the US Army completely ruined the whole camping aesthetic for me.   I’m no longer a fan of living underground, digging holes and living with moles.

I remain optimistic.  I’m keeping my eye on the big picture of the American economy continuing to improve, Washington has become a rather large speed bump, but growth is there, regardless of the political mayhem.  The new European worries are unsettling and deserve a watchful eye as we observe the EU react but I’ll remain steadfast, cautions but entirely optimistic.  Have a great week!

 

What I’m Watching This Week – 25 February 2013

Earnings and Taxes

As we get closer to finishing out Q4 2012 earnings we’ve seen a pattern of growth, can that be sustained into Q1 2013?  With 429 S&P 500 companies reporting for the fourth quarter, 72% have reported earnings above estimates, which places them marginally above the average of 69% recorded over the past four quarters.  In regards of revenues, 66% of companies have reported sales above estimates which are well above the average of 50% recorded over the past four quarters.  There’s growth there and the increase in the growth rate can primarily be credited to upside earnings surprises reported by companies in multiple sectors.  This week the blended earnings growth rate for Q4 2012 is 4.2%, nicely above last week’s growth rate of 3.6%.  For perspective, on December 31, the earnings growth rate for the index was 2.6%.  Looking forward at Q1 2013 earnings, analysts and corporations are lowering earnings expectations unfortunately.  The fantastic performance we saw in January looks to have been made irrelevant as February has kicked the market and the overall economy in the shins, with help for our stellar Government performance. Some 72 companies have issued negative earnings per share (EPS) guidance for Q1 2013, while 23 companies have issued positive EPS guidance.  That gives me reason to pause and take a deep breath.  A collection of analysts have taken down their EPS estimates also, as the estimated earnings growth for Q1 2013 has dropped to -0.2% from an expectation of 2.4% on December 31.  The Doom and Gloom crowd are queuing up behind the proverbial velvet ropes, waiting for the party to begin.

The due date for 2012 federal income tax returns is April 15, 2013 so you’ll want to start dragging things together a.s.a.p. that includes collecting a copy of last year’s tax return, W-2s, 1099s, and deduction records.  If you’re unable to file your federal income tax return by the due date, file for an extension.  Filing this extension gives you until October 15, 2013 to file your return.

You have until April 15 to make contributions to either a Roth IRA or a traditional IRA for the 2012 tax year. Up to $5,000 ($6,000 if you’re age 50 or older) in one of these retirement savings vehicles is worth considering, since contributing to an IRA can have an immediate tax benefit. That benefit comes in the form of a potential tax deduction–with a traditional IRA, if you’re not covered by a 401(k) or another employer-sponsored retirement plan (if your spouse is covered by an employer plan, you’re considered to be covered as well), you can generally deduct the full amount of your contribution. (If you’re covered by an employer-sponsored retirement plan, whether or not you can deduct some or all of your traditional IRA contribution depends on your filing status and income.)  With a Roth IRA; if you qualify to make contributions to a Roth IRA (whether you can contribute depends on your filing status and income), the contributions you make aren’t deductible, so there’s no effect on your 2012 taxes. Nonetheless, a Roth IRA may be worth considering as qualified Roth distributions you take in the future are completely free from federal income tax.  In all cases, contact your tax advisor for complete guidance.

I remain optimistic.  February has been a very interesting month and I suspect that the remainder of the week will hold further drama from the economic calendar (housing, consumer confidence, unemployment rate and jobless claims) and Capitol Hill.  Caution continues to rule the day with a heavy dose of skepticism that our elected leaders will discover the definition of compromise. Have a wonderful week.

What I’m Watching This Week – 19 February 2013

Sequester = Correction

The economic data continues to be generally positive across most sectors except manufacturing and industrial production, where it remains weak but improving.  To the Doom and Gloom crowd that’s confirmation that the sky is falling.  Apologies to those in Russia, where the sky actually did kind of fall unexpectedly when that little meteor slipped under the radar (brilliant YouTube videos are there for those who missed it).  The U.S. markets added a seventh consecutive week of gains overall, although the Dow Jones and NASDAQ dipped slightly from uninspiring trading situations.  Initial jobless claims continue to record lower than forecast, and January retail sales were slightly positive. Housing inventory is down 16% year over year and also showing higher prices in many states across the Nation.  I won’t call it as continued bouncing along the bottom, but optimism right now increases the plausibility that we are on the verge of a nice uptick. The Global markets ended the week mixed, with Germany showing some continuing weakness, which humbled the other European countries ability to perform.  The markets are looking a bit exhausted but the pullback I had expected hasn’t arrived yet, which is a remarkable circumstance.  I do expect it to arrive and I have a feeling that our sincere politicians are about to lend a hand towards more than just a 3% pullback.

I was mad the other evening when my friend’s dog passed gas in my living room and stunk up the whole house.  My buddy admitted that his dog is actually a U.S. politician. Like them, he’s expert at fouling up the place.  The sad reality is that we get the government we deserve.   The Sequester is coming.  The elected mongrels voted to go into recess until February 25th; the Sequestration is to begin on the 1st of March.  If you’re expecting another eleventh hour reprieve from self-destruction, might as well stop now.  For all the positive attributes we have experienced this year, I’m convinced that these clowns are so entranced in their sophomoric visions, that they could largely care less what happens to the economy as a whole.  It’s about appealing to the narrowest, most ignorant, myopic electoral base they can, as proof that, they too have manure for brains and that no acknowledgement of responsibility needs to be taken to avoid our ruin.  The only people who can clean this house are those that want to clean house and the only way to do that is to vote out the idiots and destroy their good old boy network of organized crime.  It does no good to replace one piece of excrement with another.

I am optimistic in the market’s ability to recover from the utter absurdity of our elected morons.  Optimistic that the real acumen is held not in Washington D.C. but with the voting electorate.; they go to work day in and day out, striving for a better life for themselves and their families.  There’s no need for them to appease the Neanderthal Collective that piles lobbying cash and favors on the desks of our elected miscreants.  What Washington needs is an old-fashioned, medieval walloping.  A pox on all of their houses, I don’t discriminate, I’m an equal opportunity hater right now.  I believe in the American public, that’s what continues my optimism.

 

 

 

 

What I’m Watching This Week – 11 February 2013

Politics and government, have they both gone mad?

It’s Earning Season and I’m getting the sense that the Doom and Gloom crowd aren’t as enthusiastic is some others may be.  Of the 334 companies that have reported to date for the fourth quarter (Q4 2012), 72% have reported earnings above estimates.  This percentage remains above the average of 69% recorded over the past four quarters.  After reporting a decline in earnings growth in Q3 (-1%), we are currently seeing reporting companies earnings growth of 3.0% for Q4.  So what does that intrinsically mean in the big picture?

The good news, the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office believes the U.S. budget deficit as a percentage of the economy, will shrink in 2013 for the fourth consecutive year.  The estimated $845 billion deficit would come in at less than $1 trillion for the first time in five years, and symbolize 5.3% of GDP, approximately half of 2009’s numbers.  That’s outstanding news and it is a clear indicator of growth for the U.S. economy.  But wait for it…there is bad news.  Without (reasonable and necessary) tax and spending modifications, the CBO said that the total national debt will be at 77% of Gross Domestic Product in 10 years, largely because of escalating health-care costs and interest payments on federal debt.  And how do we achieve tax and spending reforms in our era of injudicious government?

That, unfortunately, depends upon the U.S. Congress and by the way, Congress is about to go on an extended “President’s Day Recess” starting Friday.  While some of our esteemed elected officials seem more than willing to allow the sequestration provisions to take effect,  the Budget Control Act of 2011, created by these same congressional persons, will basically use a chainsaw instead of a scalpel to resolve some of our over the horizon fiscal issues.  What’s really very important here to understand is that the automatic cuts will reduce expected economic growth by at least 0.7% according to the Congressional Budget Office.  That may not seem like much, but when you drill down into what will be most affected by this, 0.7% is very significant.  Per the Office of Management and Budget, the 2013 sequestration would impose cuts of 9.4% in nonexempt defense discretionary funding and 8.2% in nonexempt, nondefense discretionary funding.  A 2 % cut would hit Medicare providers, 7.6% would affect other nonexempt nondefense mandatory programs, and 10% would be applied to nonexempt defense mandatory programs.  Sequestration would emasculate investments vital to economic growth; compromise the safety and security of the American people; and wreak havoc on programs that benefit the middle-class, seniors and children.  And after 2013 what are we facing then?  The required defense funding cut of $54.7 billion in each year from 2014 through 2021 will require reductions in the annual statutory caps on defense funding that the Budget Control Act sets for each of those years if sequestration is triggered.  Queue the cheering section of the Doom and Gloom horde.

I remain optimistic.  We have been hearing about Jobs, Jobs, and Jobs for years now; the economy is growing and we are obviously in an expansion phase.  No, we’re not out of the fiscal depths to ensure rapid growth, but we are getting there.  Unfortunately, to me, we have a government that appears to thrive on chaos.  24/7/365 it’s all you hear and see.  The Chaos Theory hypothesizes that everything that happens affects everything that happens afterwards.  With the blunt force of the Sequestration, it would be a good time to reexamine just what it is that our Government is trying to accomplish.  The Congress and the White House are in deadlock as America’s watches in disbelief, with Obama in campaign mode and Republicans scrambling for some iota of leverage, James Madison, our fourth president and father of the constitution must be rolling over in his grave.  I remain cautiously optimistic.

What I’m Watching This Week – 4 February 2013

What rhymes with Sequester?

Here it is, February 2013, yes, February. Time flies, when you’re having fun, right?  New month and guess what, the next self-created fiasco is upon us, the Sequester.  Why do we keep doing this to ourselves, again and again?   Maybe the Congress is actually composed of sadists and fetish lovers, who have some sort of bizarre need to inflict a festering wound at every opportunity.  Long story, short, the Budget Control Act of 2011 authorized an increase in the debt ceiling in exchange for $2.4 trillion in deficit reduction over the following ten years.  $1.2 trillion cuts in the spending for some specifically identified areas (defense and entitlements cuts that are currently in place now) and $1.2 trillion that are to be determined by a congressional super committee (super dysfunctional, more likely).  Sequestration is meant to reduce spending across the board (affecting all departments and programs by an equal percentage.  Failure of the Super Committee to propose and for Congress to put in place a plan to reduce the U.S. Federal Budget by $1.2 trillion, the Act sets into motion automatic cuts for core government functions and deep cuts to the national security apparatus. We just witnessed, last week, the effect reduced defense spending had on Q4 GDP, a -0.1% growth estimate.  Raise your hand, if you’ve seen this before. Do we really want to stare a recession in the face again?

Not to be outdone the stock market is sending, in my view, very obvious signals that implies a pullback of between 2 to 5% over the next few weeks or so, ironically leading right up to the March 1st deadline before the Sequester goes into effect.  Some savvy, individual investors are already preparing for this market action by shifting out of the stock market (approximately $400 billion during this current bull market) while others are, to me, unfortunately buying at the current top.  It looks oversold to me, but conversely, markets that are in theory, overbought, can stay that way for some time.  It’s a tough call and I’ll defer to caution right now.  January gave us a fantastic run of nearly 6%, practically half of what the S&P 500 returned in all of 2012 and basically 80% of what the Dow Jones returned in 2012, it’s okay to take some money off the table and disengage the cruise control.

I remain optimistic.  Q4 earnings reports continue to beat on both the top and bottom lines. Employment continues to improve, housing continues to show consistent growth and personal income is showing some encouraging progression (albeit significantly weak historically).  All considered things are getting better on the whole; the world economy isn’t in free-fall either.  Globally it’s a slow growth period.  Yes, there’s the potential for it all to reverse, all the more reason to use caution, reassess your equity positions and move some profits to the sidelines at least until we get more clarity of the Sequestration. Call me the polyester sequester investor this month, I’m not willing to allow anything to stick to me while I remain cautiously optimistic.

What I’m Watching This Week – 28 January 2013

Things haven’t gone as some had expected….

Ahh…the Davos Forum of 2013, held in Switzerland, where the oracles of all knowledge across world governments, economics, business and technology go to attend expensive soirees and bestow upon us Lilliputians what is going to happen in the year ahead.  The powers of divination concluded their self-romancing spectacle over the weekend.  To paraphrase the esteemed, economist and New York University Professor Nouriel Roubini, also known as “Dr. Doom” said that as far as the euro zone crisis was concerned the situation was “less worse than it was last summer.”  You don’t say?  European Central Bank President Mario Draghi, an actual player in the financial events of the world eluded towards positivity, saying the worst of the Euro Zone Crisis was probably over and that the situation is more favorable than it was at this same time last year.  Cheers for a few words of optimism.   Alas, Billionaire investor George Soros is predicting “riots on the streets that will lead to a brutal clampdown that will dramatically curtail civil liberties. The global economic system could even collapse altogether.”   Yikes, better make sure I have on clean underpants for that.

Here in the good ‘ole USA, we are in the throes of corporate earnings season.  Of the 134 S&P Index companies that have thus far reported earnings for the fourth quarter 2012, 69% have reported earnings above estimates.  In terms of revenues, 64% of companies have reported sales above estimates.  Both percentages are well above the average recorded over the past four quarters.  Which is quite remarkable and sends an abrupt shot across the bow of the Doom and Gloom crowd here, which unfortunately were actually ecstatic after a decline in earnings growth in Q3 2012 of only -1% mind you.  The S&P index is reporting earnings growth of 2.3% for Q4 2012 and six of the ten sectors are reporting earnings growth for the quarter.  However, not to be without the ability muck up a good thing, the naysayer cheering section over on CNBC and FOX Business will cite Hurricane Sandy and fiscal policy uncertainty as impediments to earnings and sales growth for Q4.  Yes there’s validity in that, but for those who actually live in reality and avoid the bloviating personalities, solid information indicates that companies are optimistic about renewed economic growth for 2013.  I’m sure the knuckle draggers will reappear for Q1 2013 earnings expectations in a matter of months.

I remain optimistic.  The reporting corporations are showing higher profit margins.  If growth continues at this pace, which I believe it will, those same profit margins will begin to decline with an increase in revenues and gross earnings.  Call it a re-balancing.  Interest rates will rise mandating more government expenditures and the byproduct will be more alternatives to the stock market.  The economic rebound led by employment, will continue to increase and business and consumer investment will grow as we move through the year.  That’s my assessment, granted I’m not an economist, media talking head nor politician.  I’m a cautious optimist with a bureau full of clean underpants.

 

What I’m Watching This Week – 14 January 2013

To broke to pay attention

For the week, the U.S. equity indexes were all up marginally as the market continued along with the now waning New Year rally and its focusing look ahead to earnings season.  Expectations remain mixed for growth in corporate earnings.  Are the analysts too bullish on outlooks or has the data led them to leave expectations so low, that topping them is a dubious achievement?  The market appears to be again motivated on how low the bar has been set and the most expected result is that the “beat rate” as earnings trackers call it, will probably be higher than normal.  I agree that the markets are healthier and getting stronger, the strength within certain economically sensitive sectors will become more apparent and will be presented regarding the health of the continuing recovery.  Now, what could possibly throw a wrench into the spokes of the turning economic wheel?

Queue… Washington.

The penalties of not raising the debt limit in a judicious manner would have severe repercussions for not only the U.S. but the global economy.  Let’s get something’s clear right from the beginning; the debt limit does not prevent the Federal Government from spending more.  By the time we get to the point that we are now, Congress has long ago spent that money on things like military and health care outflows.  An argument against raising the debt limit becomes invalid if you fail to recognize this.

The federal debt limit was created during the First World War to give voters the credence that Congress is maturely managing the nations borrowing and spending.  Its reason for existence is so that Congress can retroactively approve the spending it has already passed.  To decline to pay for the things we have already purchased, the country would consequently default on its debt obligations, unless Congress raises more revenue by increasing taxes across the board.  We already know how that fight would play out, don’t we?

I remain optimistic.  Who’s seriously going to be irresponsible and use the debt limit as leverage?  And leverage for what?  The reality of a federal debt limit has never barred Congress from making ruinous budgetary decisions before and the new 113th Congress doesn’t appear to readily want to break that winning streak.  The actual argument on tackling the federal debt needs to be made much earlier in the budget process, when Congress originally approves the spending it eventually will have to pay for.  Unfortunately, the inmates have taken over the asylum and the debt ceiling conversation is being wielded like a baton to damage to the country’s financial security in this ridiculous era of ultra hyper partisanship.  Even within this turmoil, I remain objective and cautiously optimistic.